La leche humana como un sistema biológico complejo. Más allá de la nutrición y la inmunidad. Interacciones de sus componentes y su microbiota

Manuel E. Baldeón; Santiago Campos-Miño

doi:10.47464/MetroCiencia/vol33/1/2025/4-13

Authors

Manuel E. Baldeón Universidad Internacional del Ecuador - Hospital Metropolitano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1243-7467
Santiago Campos-Miño Hospital Metropolitano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4686-7358

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47464/MetroCiencia/vol33/1/2025/4-13

Keywords:

human milk, biological system, nutrition

Abstract

Breastfeeding or the use of human milk (HM) constitutes the normative standard of nutrition for newborns and infants. Academic and professional organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, and then, along with the introduction of appropriate foods, it can continue until the age of two or beyond. A similar recommendation, with a high level of evidence, also applies to very low birth weight newborns.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Manuel E. Baldeón, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador - Hospital Metropolitano

Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y de la Vida; Universidad Internacional del Ecuador; Unidad de Investigación Clínica; Hospital Metropolitano; Quito, Ecuador
Santiago Campos-Miño, Hospital Metropolitano

Editor en Jefe, MetroCiencia; Unidad de Investigación Clínica; Hospital Metropolitano; Quito, Ecuador

References

Meek JY, Noble L. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics. 2022 Jul 1;150(1).

Geddes DT, Gridneva Z, Perrella SL, Mitoulas LR, Kent JC, Stinson LF, et al. 25 years of research in human lactation: From discovery to translation. Vol. 13, Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2021.

Vargas AJ. Human Milk Composition: An Atlas for Child Health Recommendations. Vol. 15, Advances in Nutrition. Elsevier B.V.; 2024.

Gates A, Marin T, Leo G De, Stansfield BK. Review of Preterm Human-Milk Nutrient Composition. Vol. 36, Nutrition in Clinical Practice. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2021. p. 1163–72.

Yi DY, Kim SY. Human breast milk composition and function in human health: From nutritional components to microbiome and micrornas. Vol. 13, Nutrients. MDPI; 2021.

Verduci E, Giannì ML, Vizzari G, Vizzuso S, Cerasani J, Mosca F, et al. The triad mother-breast milk-infant as predictor of future health: A narrative review. Vol. 13, Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2021. p. 1–15.

Mosca F, Giannì ML. Human milk: composition and health benefits. Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica. 2017 Jun 23;39(2).

Perrella S, Gridneva Z, Lai CT, Stinson L, George A, Bilston-John S, et al. Human milk composition promotes optimal infant growth, development and health. Semin Perinatol. 2021 Mar 1;45(2).

Nielsen SD, Beverly RL, Dallas DC. Peptides Released from Foremilk and Hindmilk Proteins by Breast Milk Proteases Are Highly Similar. Front Nutr. 2017 Nov 2;4.

Gómez-Gallego C, Morales JM, Monleón D, du Toit E, Kumar H, Linderborg KM, et al. Human breast milk NMR metabolomic profile across specific geographical locations and its association with the milk microbiota. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 1;10(10).

Soyyilmaz B, Mikš MH, Röhrig CH, Matwiejuk M, Meszaros-matwiejuk A, Vigsnæs LK. The mean of milk: A review of human milk oligosaccharide concentrations throughout lactation. Vol. 13, Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2021.

Mantziari A, Rautava S. Factors influencing the microbial composition of human milk. Semin Perinatol. 2021 Dec 1;45(8).

Karcz K, Królak-Olejnik B. Vegan or vegetarian diet and breast milk composition–a systematic review. Vol. 61, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.; 2021. p. 1081–98.

Italianer MF, Naninck EFG, Roelants JA, van der Horst GTJ, Reiss IKM, van Goudoever JB, et al. Circadian variation in human milk composition, a systematic review. Vol. 12, Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1–16.

Lönnerdal B. Human Milk: Bioactive Proteins/Peptides and Functional Properties. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2016;86:97–107.

Haschke F, Haiden N, Thakkar SK. Nutritive and bioactive proteins in breastmilk. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017 Jan 1;69(2):17–26.

Baldeón ME, Mennella JA, Flores N, Fornasini M, Gabriel AS. Free amino acid content in breast milk of adolescent and adult mothers in Ecuador [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.springerplus.com/content/3/1/104

Blachier F, Boutry C, Bos C, Tomé D. Metabolism and functions of L-glutamate in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestines. In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009.

Jiao N, Wu Z, Ji Y, Wang B, Dai Z, Wu G. L-Glutamate enhances barrier and antioxidative functions in intestinal porcine epithelial cells1,2. Journal of Nutrition. 2015;145(10):2258–64.

Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Stoll B, Jahoor F, Wykes L, Henry J, et al. Enteral glutamate is the preferential source for mucosal glutathione synthesis in fed piglets [Internet]. Available from: www.physiology.org/journal/ajpendo

van Sadelhoff JHJ, van de Heijning BJM, Stahl B, Amodio S, Rings EHHM, Mearin ML, et al. Longitudinal variation of amino acid levels in human milk and their associations with infant gender. Nutrients. 2018 Sep 5;10(9).

Dinleyici M, Barbieur J, Dinleyici EC, Vandenplas Y. Functional effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1).

Lordan C, Roche AK, Delsing D, Nauta A, Groeneveld A, MacSharry J, et al. Linking human milk oligosaccharide metabolism and early life gut microbiota: bifidobacteria and beyond. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2024 Mar 27;88(1).

Han S, Binia A, Godfrey KM, El-Heis S, Cutfield WS. Do human milk oligosaccharides protect against infant atopic disorders and food allergy? Nutrients. 2020 Oct 1;12(10):1–12.

Siziba LP, Mank M, Stahl B, Kurz D, Gonsalves J, Blijenberg B, et al. Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and child atopic dermatitis up to 2 years of age: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2022 Feb 1;33(2).

Singh RP, Niharika J, Kondepudi KK, Bishnoi M, Tingirikari JMR. Recent understanding of human milk oligosaccharides in establishing infant gut microbiome and roles in immune system. Vol. 151, Food Research International. Elsevier Ltd; 2022.

Torres Roldan VD, Urtecho S M, Gupta J, Yonemitsu C, Cárcamo CP, Bode L, et al. Human milk oligosaccharides and their association with late-onset neonatal sepsis in Peruvian very-low-birth-weight infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020 Jul 1;112(1):106–12.

Barton SJ, Murray R, Lillycrop KA, Inskip HM, Harvey NC, Cooper C, et al. FUT2 genetic variants and reported respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses during infancy. In: Journal of Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press; 2019. p. 836–43.

Lewis ZT, Totten SM, Smilowitz JT, Popovic M, Parker E, Lemay DG, et al. Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. Microbiome. 2015 Apr 10;3(1).

Hunt KM, Preuss J, Nissan C, Davlin CA, Williams JE, Shafii B, et al. Human milk oligosaccharides promote the growth of staphylococci. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Jul;78(14):4763–70.

Okburan G, Kızıler S. Human milk oligosaccharides as prebiotics. Vol. 64, Pediatrics and Neonatology. Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd; 2023. p. 231–8.

Lin C, Lin Y, Zhang H, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang H, et al. Intestinal ‘Infant-Type’ Bifidobacteria Mediate Immune System Development in the First 1000 Days of Life. Vol. 14, Nutrients. MDPI; 2022.

Zimmermann P, Messina N, Mohn WW, Finlay BB, Curtis N. Association between the intestinal microbiota and allergic sensitization, eczema, and asthma: A systematic review. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019 Feb 1;143(2):467–85.

Nonnutritive components.

BM summary 220815 NJA.

Flores N, Villegas E, Villacís D, Fornasini M, Cifuentes SG, Narváez L, et al. Concentrations of immunoglobulin a, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor in breastmilk of adolescent and adult mothers in Quito, Ecuador: A cohort study. Vol. 9, Breastfeeding Medicine. 2014. p. 107–8.

Edwards CA, Van Loo-Bouwman CA, Van Diepen JA, Schoemaker MH, Ozanne SE, Venema K, et al. A systematic review of breast milk microbiota composition and the evidence for transfer to and colonisation of the infant gut. Vol. 13, Beneficial Microbes. Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2022. p. 365–81.

Moossavi S, Azad MB. Origins of human milk microbiota: new evidence and arising questions. Gut Microbes. 2020 Nov 9;12(1):1667722.

Lackey KA, Williams JE, Meehan CL, Zachek JA, Benda ED, Price WJ, et al. What’s normal? Microbiomes in human milk and infant feces are related to each other but vary geographically: The inspire study. Front Nutr. 2019 Apr 17;6.

Gomez-Gallego C, Garcia-Mantrana I, Salminen S, Collado MC. The human milk microbiome and factors influencing its composition and activity. Vol. 21, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. W.B. Saunders Ltd; 2016. p. 400–5.

Kumar H, du Toit E, Kulkarni A, Aakko J, Linderborg KM, Zhang Y, et al. Distinct patterns in human milk microbiota and fatty acid profiles across specific geographic locations. Front Microbiol. 2016 Oct 13;7(OCT).

Sinkiewicz G, Ljunggren L. Occurrence of Lactobacillus reuteri in human breast milk. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2008;20(3):122–6.

Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, et al. Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition—a report from “Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)” Working Group 2. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2023 Apr 1;117:S28–42.

Boix-Amorós A, Collado MC, Mira A. Relationship between milk microbiota, bacterial load, macronutrients, and human cells during lactation. Front Microbiol. 2016 Apr 20;7(APR).

Riederer M, Schweighofer N, Trajanoski S, Stelzer C, Zehentner M, Fuchs-Neuhold B, et al. Free threonine in human breast milk is related to infant intestinal microbiota composition. Amino Acids. 2022 Mar 1;54(3):365–83.

Lyons KE, Ryan CA, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Breast milk, a source of beneficial microbes and associated benefits for infant health. Vol. 12, Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2020.

Escuder-Vieco D, Espinosa-Martos I, Rodríguez JM, Corzo N, Montilla A, Siegfried P, et al. High-temperature short-time pasteurization system for donor milk in a human milk bank setting. Front Microbiol. 2018 May 11;9(MAY).

Deshpande G, Athalye-Jape G, Patole S. Para-probiotics for preterm neonates—The next frontier. Vol. 10, Nutrients. MDPI AG; 2018.

Sebastián Domingo JJ, Sánchez Sánchez C, Sebastián Domingo Servicio de Aparato Digestivo Hospital Royo Villanova Avda San Gregorio JJ. De la flora intestinal al microbioma. 2018; Available from: http://elpaissemanal.elpais.com/documentos/

Consales A, Cerasani J, Sorrentino G, Morniroli D, Colombo L, Mosca F, et al. The hidden universe of human milk microbiome: origin, composition, determinants, role, and future perspectives. Vol. 181, European Journal of Pediatrics. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; 2022. p. 1811–20.

Muñoz-Esparza NC, Latorre-Moratalla ML, Comas-Basté O, Toro-Funes N, Veciana-Nogués MT, Vidal-Carou MC. Polyamines in food. Vol. 6, Frontiers in Nutrition. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2019.

Muñoz-Esparza NC, Vásquez-Garibay EM, Guzmán-Mercado E, Larrosa-Haro A, Comas-Basté O, Latorre-Moratalla ML, et al. Influence of the Type of Breastfeeding and Human Milk Polyamines on Infant Anthropometric Parameters. Front Nutr. 2022 Jan 6;8.

Yunes RA, Poluektova EU, Dyachkova MS, Klimina KM, Kovtun AS, Averina O V., et al. GABA production and structure of gadB/gadC genes in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains from human microbiota. Anaerobe. 2016 Dec 1;42:197–204.

Pessione E. Lactic acid bacteria contribution to gut microbiota complexity: lights and shadows. Vol. 2, Frontiers in cell